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Siege of Mecca (683)
The Siege of Mecca in September–November 683 was one of the early battles of the Second Islamic Civil War. The city of Mecca served as a sanctuary for Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr, who was among the most prominent challengers to the dynastic succession to the Caliphate by the Umayyad Yazid I. After nearby Medina, the other holy city of Islam, also rebelled against Yazid, the Umayyad ruler sent an army to subdue Arabia. The Umayyad army defeated the Medinans and took the city, but Mecca held out in a month-long siege, during which the Kaaba was damaged by fire. The siege ended when news came of Yazid's sudden death. The Umayyad commander, Husayn ibn Numayr, after vainly trying to induce Abdallah to return with him to Syria and be recognized as Caliph, departed with his forces. Ibn al-Zubayr remained in Mecca throughout the civil war, but he was nevertheless soon acknowledged as Caliph across most of the Muslim world. It was not until 692, that the Umayyads were able to send another army which again besieged and captured Mecca, ending the civil war.
== Background ==
At the death of Mu'awiya I (r. 661–680), the founder of the Umayyad Caliphate, in 680, the Muslim world was thrown into turmoil. Although Mu'awiya had named his son, Yazid I, as his heir, this choice was not universally recognized, especially by the old Medinan elites, who challenged the Umayyads' claim to the succession. Among them, the two chief candidates for the caliphate were the Alid Husayn ibn Ali (the grandson of Muhammad), and Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr. To avoid being forced to recant, on Yazid's accession the two men fled from Medina to Mecca〔Hawting (2000), pp. 46–47〕 Husayn at first attempted an outright revolt against the Umayyads, but this resulted in his death at the Battle of Karbala in October 680,〔Hawting (2000), pp. 49–51〕〔Kennedy (2004), p. 89〕 leaving Ibn al-Zubayr as the leading contender and rival for the Umayyads. As long as Yazid lived, Ibn al-Zubayr denounced his rule from the sanctuary of Mecca but did not openly claim the Caliphate, instead calling himself "the fugitive at the sanctuary" (''al-‘a’idh bi’l-bayt'') and insisting that the Caliph should be chosen in the traditional manner, by a tribal assembly (''shura'') from among all the Quraysh, not just the Umayyads.〔〔Hawting (2000), p. 47〕
At first Yazid and his governors in Medina tried to negotiate with Ibn al-Zubayr, as well as the other dissatisfied ''Ansar'' families. The Medinan aristocracy, however, who felt their position threatened by Mu'awiya's large-scale agricultural projects around their city, and regarded Yazid as unfit for the office of Caliph due to his reputed dissolute lifestyle, led a public denunciation of their allegiance to Yazid, and expelled the Umayyad family members, some 1,000 in number (including the future Caliph Marwan ibn al-Hakam), from their city.〔〔Wellhausen (1927), pp. 149–154〕〔Kennedy (2004), pp. 89–90〕 As a result, Yazid sent an army to subdue the province, and chose Muslim ibn 'Uqba al-Murri to lead it. Muslim's army of 12,000 Syrians indeed overcame the Medinans' resistance at the Battle of al-Harrah on 26 August 683 and proceeded to sack Medina—one of the impious acts for which the Umayyads are denounced in later Muslim tradition.〔Hawting (2000), pp. 47–48〕〔Kennedy (2004), p. 90〕〔Wellhausen (1927), pp. 154–157〕〔Lammens (1987), p. 1162〕
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